| 学习专栏：外国养老院失智老人照护经验 |
| 添加时间：2017/12/25 17:04:15 浏览次数： |
| 养老机构基于照护风险高、人工成本高的考虑，大多数不愿意接受失智老人。事实上，国内大部分失智症患者是由家庭成员承担主要的照护责任的。对于失智老人的家人和朋友来说，最大的痛苦莫过于看着那么熟悉的人渐行渐远，直至面目全非。一些国家对失智照护有相当的探索和成就，有很多值得借鉴的地方。 Take care of old-age care institutions in high risk, high labor costs on the basis of the most reluctant to accept people with dementia. In fact, most of the domestic dementia patients by family members bear the main responsibility of care. For the elderly with dementia family and friends, the most painful thing is to see that familiar with people far away, until completely. Some countries have considerable exploration and achievement of dementia care, there are many places worth learning. 日本：老人挑选兴趣活动 Japan: the old people choose interest activities 近年来，日本许多养老机构都把针对失智老人的照护，作为护理攻关的重点，因为这一特殊人群的增长速度十分迅速，截至2012年，日本的失智老人已达462万，到2025年将超过700万人。 In recent years, many Japanese pension institutions to dementia care, as the focus of nursing research, because of the special population growth rate is very rapid, as of 2012, Japan's dementia has reached 4 million 620 thousand, to 2025 will be more than 7 million people. 这栋隐藏在居民区里的小楼属于日医集团，其中有三层属于失智老人之家。每层9位，一共住着27位失智老人。目前，还有10位老人在排队等候入住。 The hidden in the neighborhood house belongs to the medicine group, which has three layer belongs to the home for the elderly with dementia. Each layer of 9, lived a total of 27 people with dementia. At present, there are 10 other elderly people waiting in line. 在这里，三位老人配备一位介护员。但他们的职责不是代劳和照料，而是看护和引导。 Here, three old men are equipped with a nurse. But they do not responsibility and care, but care and guidance. 失智症的一大特征就是大脑机能的退化，因此，锻炼大脑的活动显得尤为重要。在这个失智老人之家，每天至少要安排老人们参加120分钟的创造活动，由动手到动脑，做做手工、写写画画，多种内容，全由老人按照自己的兴趣挑选。 A major feature of degeneration, dementia is the brain function therefore exercise brain activity is particularly important. In the demented elderly home, at least for old people in 120 minutes of activity every day, from the hands to the brain, do manual, writing and drawing, a variety of content, the elderly choose according to their own interest. 德国：个人传记护理法 Germany: personal biography nursing 由于发病机理复杂，每个失智老人的症状都不相同，因此刺激他大脑机能的兴奋点就不尽相同。随着科学研究的深入，有针对性的个性化护理手法，开始在一些养老机构运用。 Due to the complexity of the pathogenesis, each with dementia symptoms are not the same, so the function of stimulation of his brain excitement is not the same. With the deepening of scientific research, targeted individualized nursing techniques began to be used in some old-age institutions. 这家位于德国马格德堡的维塔纳斯失智老人护理中心，住着120多位失智老人。从硬件设计上，这家专业机构就充分考虑了人性化、个性化的需求。 This home is located in Magdeburg Germany Jonas Vita dementia care center, lived more than 120 people with dementia. From the hardware design, this professional organization takes full consideration of the humanized and personalized needs. 比如养老院的墙纸都是用的暖色调，墙上挂的画都色彩明亮。 For example, the wallpaper of a nursing home is warm in color, and the paintings on the wall are bright. 比如针对失智症老人健忘的特点，做非常精心的设计。像其中一位老人最喜欢家里的一只小狗，他的门口就挂着一只绒毛玩具小狗，这样子老人每次回去时候就知道自己的家在哪里了。 For example, according to the characteristics of elderly dementia forgetful, do very careful design. Like an old man who likes a puppy at home, he has a stuffed toy puppy on his doorstep, so that the old man will know where his home is when he goes back. 为了给老人营造家的感觉，每一间房间都是独一无二的，在她们入住前，工作人员会去老人的家中测量房间，和老人一同决定带哪些家具来，这就意味着，养老院里家具、花草的布置都和老人自己家中可以很接近。 In order for the elderly to create a feeling of home, every room is the one and only, they measured the room occupancy, the staff will go to the home of the elderly, and the elderly who decided to take what furniture, this means that the nursing home furniture, flowers are arranged and the elderly themselves can be very close to home. 在整个养老院，老人们按照不同的照护方式被安排在不同的区域。 In the entire nursing home, the elderly are arranged in different areas according to different care methods. 二楼，是专门运用“个人传记”心理治疗法来护理的区域，一共住着33位老人。这种心理疗法由德国的埃文•伯姆教授提出，在他看来，失智老人希望自己仍然是有用的，需要获得更多的认可和自信。而要做到这一点，最重要的就是要为每一位老人建立独特的个人传记。 On the two floor, there are 33 elderly people living in the area of the "personal biography" psychotherapy. This kind of psychological therapy proposed by Professor Evan Boehm of Germany, in his opinion, hope that their dementia is still useful, need to get more recognition and confidence. To do this, the most important thing is to set up a unique personal biography for each old man. 每位老人在入院时，院方都会通过与老人及其家属的沟通，获得老人的过往生活经历、生活习惯、兴趣爱好等大量信息。有了这些背景资料，护理人员就能制订出个性化的护理方案。 When each old man is in hospital, he will get information about his past life experience, habits and habits, hobbies and other information through communication with the elderly and their families. With these background information, the nursing staff can develop a personalized care program. 卡琳.麦尼克说“比如有一位老太太，她过去是教德语和数学的。她来我们这儿的时候总是吵着想回家，我们通过一定的方法了解到她的记忆停留在18岁的学习时期，就让她做数学题、听写等，然后她每天都会做这些，后来她呆在这里就感觉像在家里一样了。” Karin. Magnic "for example, an old lady, she was teaching German and mathematics. She came here when we think we always fight back home, through a certain method to understand her memory stays in the 18 year study period, let her do the math, dictation, and every day she would do this, then she stay here will feel like at home." 丹麦：精心护理友善环境 Denmark: carefully care for a friendly environment 对于暴躁型的失智老人，该用怎样的特殊护理呢？丹麦的玛丽养老院，以护理重度失智老人见长。 For a type of dementia, with the special care of what? Marie of Denmark beadhouses, with severe dementia care is good. 在这家养老院的90位老人中，有17%为暴躁型失智老人。由于丹麦法律规定不能限制人身自由，因此即便是暴躁型失智老人，也不能把他们一锁了之，强制限制他们的行动自由。那么，如何来保证他们的安全呢？ In 90 elderly people in the nursing home, 17% a type of dementia. Due to the Danish laws and regulations can not restrict personal freedom, so even a type of dementia, they can not take a lock, forced to limit their freedom of action. So, how to ensure their safety? 养老院在设计上花了一番心思。大门开关，设置在老人注意不到的地方，而老人活动区域内另一扇活动的大门，被巧妙地装饰起来，老人即使经过也不会走出这扇门。 The nursing home has spent a lot of mind on the design. The gate switch is placed in the place where the old man can't notice. Another active door in the old man's activity area is skillfully decorated. The old man will not walk out the door even if he passes by. 这些精心的设计，都是在不违背老人意愿的前提下，给他们创造一个安全、友善的环境。而失去安全感，正是很多失智老人之所以会暴躁不安的原因。为了安抚他们急躁易怒的情绪，玛丽养老院的护理人员还运用了不少道具，比如各种毛绒玩具。据研究表明，失智老人最后只会感知到动物或玩偶。 These elaborate designs, on the premise of not violating the wishes of the old, create a safe and friendly environment for them. Lose a sense of security, it is the reason why many people with dementia will cause disturbed. In order to soothe their irritable mood, the nursing staff in Marie's nursing home have also used a lot of props, such as all kinds of plush toys. According to the research shows that people with dementia can only perceive animal or doll. 寻常的下午茶时光，护理人员也会使用一些小"伎俩"，举杯、干杯、喝咖啡，护理员的每一个动作，老人都会模仿后再做一遍。虽然是一些小举动，却是帮助老人尽量融入集体，恢复正常的生活。 During the ordinary afternoon tea time, the nurses will also use some small tricks, raising a toast, drinking a cup of coffee, every movement of the nurse, the elderly will imitate it and do it again. Although some small moves, it is to help the old people to integrate into the group as far as possible to restore normal life. 目前看来，这种精心细致的护理手法，收到了良好的效果。不少靠药物来控制情绪的失智老人， At present, this meticulous and meticulous nursing technique has received good results. Many rely on drugs to control emotions with dementia, |
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